Browsing by Author "Liang, Yu"
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Item Effects of various nutritional supplements on the development, innate immunity, and gastrointestinal health of young dairy calves(2018-08) Liang, Yu; Ballou, Michael A.; Machado, Vinicius; Neves, Rafael; Neary, Joseph M.; Hall, Nathaniel J.The neonatal calves are extremely susceptible to enteric diseases during the first few weeks of life. According to the report form USDA, the mortality rate of newborn calves is about 10%; however, the death caused by enteric diseases accounts for 50% of mortality. On the other hand, antimicrobials are widely used in the dairy industry in the past decades; but the concern has been increased for using antibiotic in recent years. Therefore, there is more interesting to find alternatives to antibiotic use which has similar efficacy as antibiotic in decreasing diseases. Some studies have been conducted to investigate effects of those nutritional supplements on growth performance and health on swine and poultry industry. For current research, yeast cell wall, various strains of probiotic, egg protein, and hydrolyzed yeast will be investigated for effects on growth performance, innate immunity, and gastrointestinal development in young dairy calves. In first study, effects of Provia® (Bacillus coagulans 6086) and OmniGen AF® alone or in combination on growth performance, innate leukocyte responses, and enteric health of pre-weaned and immediate post-weaned dairy calves were evaluated. Treatments in this study were: CON: base milk replacer and calf starter; PV: 2 x 109 CFU/d of Bacillus coagulans 6086 in milk replaer and 2 x 109 CFU of Bacillus coagulans 6086 per kg of the base calf starter; OG: 12g/d of OmniGen-AF in milk replacer and 12 g of OmniGen-AF per kg of the base calf starter; OG+PV: supplement with both of the Bacillus coagulans 6086 and OmniGen-AF. The PV supplemented calves had greater ADG from d 71 to d 84 during post-weaning period. There were no treatment differences in the percentage of calves that scoured throughout the study. The results of this study indicated that neither Provia, Bacillus coagulans 6086 nor OmniGen-AF greatly influenced the growth performance or enteric health during the pre-weaned or immediate post-weaned periods. The impact of a blend of a strain of Lactobacillus casei and an Enterococcus faecium strain on physiological response to an oral Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium challenge in neonatal Jersey calves was investigated in second study. The treatments in this study were: CON: base milk replacer; CON+ST: base milk replacer with Salmonella typhimurium challenge on d 7; PRO+ST: base milk replaer with a blend of a strain of Lactobacillus casei and an Enterococcus faecium strain and challenged with Salmonella typhimurium on d 7. Serum haptoglobin and urea N concentrations were increased on d 10 in CON+ST comparing to PRO+ST. In contrast, PRO+ST had greater rectal temperature after challenge than CON+ST. Further, neutrophil percentages in PRO+ST were greater than CON+ST or CON. However, 7 of 8 calves in PRO+ST had elevated neutrophil percentages on d 10 relative to d 7, whereas 4 of 8 calves among the CON+ST had reduced neutrophil percentages on d 10 relative to d 7. The ratios of villi height to crypt depth in both of duodenum and ileum were greater in PRO+ST than CON+ST calves. These data indicated that supplementing neonatal calves with the blend of probiotics used in the current study improve the pathophysiological response and small intestinal health and development with an enteric Salmonella typhimurium challenge. The objective of final study is to determine the impacts of supplementing a blend of yeast culture, yeast extract, hydrolyzed yeast, and immunized egg antibodies on the growth performance and health of calves challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. There are 4 treatments in current study: CON: base milk replacer; CON+ST: base milk replacer with Salmonella typhimurium challenge on d 7; CA: milk replacer supplemented with 16 mL/d CalfAce; CA+ST: base milk replacer supplemented with 16 mL/d CalfAce and challenged with Salmonella typhimurium on d 7. The calves with challenge had decreased starter intakes. CalfAce supplementing calves decreased serum haptoglobin concentration. Calves supplemented with CalfAce had greater villi height to crypt depth ratio in duodenum when compared to non-supplemented calves. In conclusion, CalfAce supplementing calves reduced both of systemic and local inflammatory response and improved the gastrointestinal health.Item The influence of plane of nutrition on development and health of gastrointestinal tract of calves(2015-05) Liang, Yu; Ballou, Michael A.; Carroll, Jeffery A.; Trojan, Sara J.The objectives of first study were to determine the digestibilities of nutrients as well as investigate the nitrogen retention of calves fed different planes of milk replacer nutrition during the first week of life. Twelve Jersey calves were blocked by BW at birth and randomly assigned to high plane of nutrition (HPN) or low plane of nutrition (LPN) treatments. The HPN calves were offered 20g DM/kg BW of a 28% CP and 20% fat milk replacer. The LPN calves were fed 14.5g DM/kg BW of a 20% CP and 20% fat milk replacer. All calves were given 3 L of pooled colostrum within 1 hour of birth after which they were assigned to treatments. Calves were given 1 day to adapt to treatment, accordingly, calves were 30 to 36 hours old at the start of data collection. The study was divided into two 72 hour periods. Total collection of feces occurred over each 72 hour period and total urine was collected for the last 24 hours of each period. Peripheral blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of each period and analyzed plasma glucose and urea nitrogen concentrations. Fecal scores were greater (P=0.004) for HPN calves during both periods; however, there was no difference (P≥0.253) in the dry matter percentage of feces. There were no differences (P≥0.239) between treatments in either digestible or metabolizable energy efficiencies, which averaged 92 and 83% for HPN and LPN, respectively. There was a treatment x period interaction (P=0.038) for the percentage of intake nitrogen retained, as HPN calves had greater percentage of intake nitrogen retained during period 1 (88.0 vs 78.7 ± 1.79; P=0.004), but was not different from calves fed the LPN during period 2 (85.3 vs 85.0 ± 1.79; P=0.904). Therefore these data indicate that neonatal calves have the capability to digest and absorb the additional nutrients with a higher plane of nutrition during the first week of postnatal life. The additional energy and amino nitrogen absorbed by calves fed the higher plane of nutrition were incorporated into lean tissue growth with a great efficiency. The objective of second study was to evaluate the effects of plane of milk replacer nutrition on the resistance to an opportunistic enteric challenge with Citrobacter freundii at 10 days of life. Twenty colostrum-fed Jersey calves were blocked by BW at birth and randomly assigned to either a high plane of nutrition (HPN) or low plane of nutrition (LPN) treatment. The LPN calves were fed 400 and 450 g DM/d of a 20% CP and 20% fat milk replacer during the 1st week and the remainder of the study, respectively. The HPN calves were fed 600 and 700 g DM/d of a 28% CP and 20% fat milk replacer during the 1st week and the remainder of the study, respectively. All calves were challenged orally with 1 x 108 colony forming units of a stationary phase culture of Citrobacter freundii at day 10. Fecal scores were recorded throughout the study and rectal temperatures were recorded daily immediately before and after the challenge. Fecal samples and plasma from peripheral blood samples were collected stored at -80oC at day 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 until further analysis. Fecal samples were analyzed for dry matter percentage and plasma was analyze for concentrations of urea nitrogen, glucose, and haptoglobin. All calves were harvested at day 24 and ileum tissue samples were analyzed for morphology. Water intakes were greater for the HPN calves before the enteric challenge (P≤0.062) and increased to a greater extent after the challenge (P≤0.021). Fecal scores were also greater among HPN calves (2.52 vs 2.04 ± 0.07; P=0.001); however, there was no difference in dry matter percentage of feces between treatments (19.9 vs 21.9 ± 1.34%; P=0.291). There was a difference in the dry matter percentage of feces scored as a fecal score 3 between the HPN and LPN calves (20.2 vs 16.3 ± 0.965%; P=0.006). Rectal temperatures were greater among the HPN calves (P=0.024). In addition, the HPN calves had numerically greater peak plasma haptoglobin concentrations after the challenge (511 vs 266 ± 108.0 μg/mL; P=0.118) and tended to have a greater total mucosal height of the distal ileum (921 vs 752 ± 59.1 μm; P=0.059). Therefore these data indicate that calves fed a HPN during the neonatal period have a mildly greater acute phase response to an opportunistic bacterial enteric infection and it may be associated with a greater mucosal surface area of the distal ileum. Furthermore, these data reiterate that fecal scores should not be the only measure of enteric health, especially when evaluating the effects of planes of nutrition.