Browsing by Author "Kayatin, Matthew J."
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Item Carbon Dioxide Removal by Ionic Liquid System (CDRILS): Ground Prototype Testing and Trace Contaminant Removal Integration(2023 International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2023-07-16) Kamire, Rebecca; Yates, Stephen F.; Rahislic, Emir; Triezenberg, Mark; Henson, Phoebe; Ford, Jack; Pipitone, Meghan; Pope, Eric; Gressly, Nathaniel; Kayatin, Matthew J.The Carbon Dioxide Removal by Ionic Liquid System (CDRILS) utilizes a continuously recirculated ionic liquid sorbent and hollow fiber membrane contactors for carbon dioxide removal from air. The CDRILS ground prototype was operated under varied process conditions to optimize performance and meet a 4-crew scale carbon dioxide removal rate of 4.16 kg/day at a carbon dioxide partial pressure of 2 mm Hg. Humidity and thermal management at scale, ongoing durability trials, and tests of updated components are key demonstrations that inform refined designs of the upcoming CDRILS flight demonstration unit. In addition, CDRILS has demonstrated trace contaminant removal from simulant cabin air without impact on the CDRILS carbon dioxide removal performance. Removal of trace contaminants from cabin air reduces the contaminant load within the cabin. Benefits to other systems that interface with the cabin air are also achieved. However, trace contaminant removal by CDRILS results in contaminant delivery to the CDRILS carbon dioxide and water condensate product streams, which may in turn be delivered to a Sabatier reactor or Water Processor Assembly. The relative partitioning of the contaminants between the two streams and impacts on downstream systems are evaluated.Item Evaluation of an Atmosphere Revitalization Subsystem for Deep Space Exploration Missions(45th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2015-07-12) Perry, Jay L.; Abney, Morgan B.; Conrad, Ruth E.; Frederick, Kenneth R.; Greenwood, Zachary W.; Kayatin, Matthew J.; Knox, James C.; Newton, Robert L.; Parrish, Keith J.; Takada, Kevin C.; Miller, Lee A.; Scott, Joseph P.; Stanley, Christine M.An Atmosphere Revitalization Subsystem (ARS) suitable for deployment aboard deep space exploration mission vehicles has been developed and functionally demonstrated. This modified ARS process design architecture was derived from the International Space Station’s (ISS) basic ARS. Primary functions considered in the architecture include trace contaminant control, carbon dioxide removal, carbon dioxide reduction, and oxygen generation. Candidate environmental monitoring instruments were also evaluated. The process architecture rearranges unit operations and employs equipment operational changes to reduce mass, simplify, and improve the functional performance for trace contaminant control, carbon dioxide removal, and oxygen generation. Results from integrated functional demonstration are summarized and compared to the performance observed during previous testing conducted on an ISS-like subsystem architecture and a similarly evolved process architecture. Considerations for further subsystem architecture and process technology development are discussed.Item GCMS water testing and results from the MSFC Environmental Chamber(45th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2015-07-12) MacAskill, John A.; Newton, Robert L.; Kayatin, Matthew J.; Frederick, Kenneth R.; Scott, Joseph P.Recent efforts at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory have culminated in the design and construction of a water-sampling module that enables both water and gas samples to be analyzed with a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GCMS). This water module is purpose-built for space exploration missions with specific design criteria in mind, and includes long-duration operation, micro-gravity compatibility, and small sample size to minimize impact on in situ resources. A GCMS prototype based on the Vehicle Cabin Air Monitor was constructed and equipped with one such water sampling module to undergo testing at the Environmental Chamber at Marshall Space Flight Center. This testing involved simulation of three crew members over the span of a week while sampling water from the Environmental Chamber's humidity condensate at 1.6 hour intervals. During this testing, a precise injection of several select chemicals was made into the chamber's air system to simulate an event. This simulated event combined with persistent water monitoring with the GCMS reveal both the time scale and extent of water uptake of air- borne contaminants. Results of this testing and analysis are presented herein.Item Measuring Polanyi Potentials for Chemsorb 1000 and Chemsorb 3800(46th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2016-07-10) Monje, Oscar; Surma, Jan; Perry, Jay L.; Kayatin, Matthew J.Polanyi potential plots are used to predict the adsorptive capacities of volatile organic compounds onto activated carbons. The adsorptive capacities of Chemsorb 1000 and Chemsorb 3800 for several volatile organic compounds were compared to that of Barnebey Sutcliffe, an impregnated activated carbon.Item Microlith®-based Catalytic Reactor for Air Quality and Trace Contaminant Control Applications(45th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2015-07-12) Vilekar, Saurabh; Hawley, Kyle; Junaedi, Christian; Crowder, Bruce; Prada, Julian; Mastanduno, Richard; Perry, Jay L.; Kayatin, Matthew J.Traditionally, gaseous compounds such as methane, carbon monoxide, and trace contaminants have posed challenges for maintaining clean air in enclosed spaces such as crewed spacecraft cabins as they are hazardous to humans and are often difficult to remove by conventional adsorption technology. Catalytic oxidizers have provided a reliable and robust means of disposing of even trace levels of these compounds by converting them into carbon dioxide and water. Precision Combustion, Inc. (PCI) and NASA – Marshall (MSFC) have been developing, characterizing, and optimizing high temperature catalytic oxidizers (HTCO) based on PCI’s patented Microlith® technology to meet the requirements of future extended human spaceflight explorations. Current efforts have focused on integrating the HTCO unit with a compact, simple recuperative heat exchanger to reduce the overall system size and weight while also reducing its energy requirements. Previous efforts relied on external heat exchangers to recover the waste heat and recycle it to the oxidizer to minimize the system’s power requirements; however, these units contribute weight and volume burdens to the overall system. They also result in excess heat loss due to the separation of the HTCO and the heat recuperator, resulting in lower overall efficiency. Improvements in the recuperative efficiency and close coupling of HTCO and heat recuperator lead to reductions in system energy requirements and startup time. Results from testing HTCO units integrated with heat recuperators at a variety of scales for cabin air quality control and heat melt compactor applications are reported and their benefits over previous iterations of the HTCO and heat recuperator assembly are quantified in this paper.Item Process Development for Removal of Siloxanes from ISS Atmosphere(45th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2015-07-12) Carter, Layne; Perry, Jay; Kayatin, Matthew J.; Wilson, Mark; Gentry, Gregory J.; Bowman, Elizabeth; Monje, Oscar; Rector, Tony; Steele, JohnDimethylsilanediol (DMSD) has been identified as a problematic organic contaminant aboard the ISS. This contaminant was initially identified in humidity condensate and in the Water Processor Assembly (WPA) product water in 2010 when routine water quality monitoring an increasing total organic carbon (TOC) trend in the WPA product water. Although DMSD is not a crew health hazard at the levels observed in the product water, it can degrade the WPA catalytic reactor’s effectiveness and cause early replacement of Multifiltration Beds. DMSD may also degrade the performance of the Oxygen Generation System (OGS) which uses the WPA product water for electrolysis. An investigation into the source of DMSD has determined that polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) compounds are likely hydrolyzing in the Condensing Heat Exchangers (CHX) to form DMSD. PDMS compounds are prevalent aboard ISS from a variety of sources, including crew hygiene products, adhesives, caulks, lubricants, and various nonmetallic materials. PDMS compounds are also known to contribute to CHX hydrophilic coating degradation by rendering it hydrophobic and therefore adversely affecting its ability to effectively transmit water to the condensate bus. Eventually this loss in performance results in water droplets in the air flow exiting the CHX, which may lead to microbial growth in the air ducts and may impact the performance of downstream systems. Several options have been evaluated to address these concerns. Modifications to the Water Processor Multifiltration Beds and Catalytic Reactor for removal of DMSD were not considered viable, and did not address the issue with PDMS compound degradation of the CHX coating. Design concepts are now in development for removing PDMS compounds from the air stream before they can reach the CHX coating, thus preventing coating degradation and hydrolysis of the PDMS compounds to DMSD. This paper summarizes the current status of the effort to treat these contaminants on ISS.Item A Simple Model to Estimate the Hydroxyl Radical Concentration and Associated DMSD Production Rates from Volatile Methyl Siloxanes in the ISS Atmosphere(48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2018-07-08) Muirhead, Dean; Wicht, Denyce K.; Stocker, Kelsey M.; Perry, Jay; Kayatin, Matthew J.Volatile methyl siloxane (VMS) compound reaction with hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in the International Space Station (ISS) cabin atmosphere to form dimethylsilanediol (DMSD) has been proposed as a dominant reaction pathway by Perry and Kayatin (2017). A simple model is derived in this paper based on the material balance accounting for VMS compound generation, reaction, and removal rates representing the ISS atmospheric condition report-ed in the 2017 work. The model incorporates reaction stoichiometry and the kinetic frame-work of second order rate constants reported in the literature to yield three product com-pounds from ·OH reaction with cyclic and linear VMS compounds: DMSD, formaldehyde, and methylsilanetriol (MST). The model is intended to provide a quantitative framework for understanding the potential benefits of VMS compound source reduction on DMSD production rates. The model is applied to VMS compound concentration data reported by the Air Quality Monitor (AQM) and whole air grab samples to estimate the hydroxyl radi-cal concentration, [·OH], in the ISS cabin atmosphere. The estimated value for [·OH] aboard ISS was determined to be in the range of 3.5 ± 1.0 × 105 to 1.0 ± 0.3 × 106 mole-cules/cm3, consistent with estimated [·OH] in terrestrial indoor air environments (104–106 molecules/cm3). The role of the ·OH sink on DMSD production rates is explored based on the estimated values of [·OH] and the concentrations of volatile organic compound com-pounds (VOC) also present in the ISS cabin atmosphere that are known to react with ·OH.Item Trace Contaminant Control Design Considerations for Enabling Exploration Missions(45th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2015-07-12) Perry, Jay L.; Kayatin, Matthew J.Trace contaminant control (TCC) is a vital component for enabling future crewed exploration missions. Active TCC equipment design precedes detailed knowledge of loads within the bounds established by air quality standards. These standards include individual contaminant long-term exposure limits as well as standards for minimizing human health effects that may result from a contaminant mixture. The impact on TCC equipment design associated with specifying individual contaminant and contaminant mixture air quality standards are explored. Observations from trace contaminant control equipment operation aboard the International Space Station (ISS) assist with defining TCC equipment design loads and developing equipment architecture. Testing results from integrated testing of a candidate TCC equipment architecture are presented and recommendations for future development are discussed.Item Upgrades to the ISS Water Recovery System(45th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2015-07-12) Pruitt, Jennifer M.; Carter, Layne; Bagdigian, Robert M.; Kayatin, Matthew J.The ISS Water Recovery System (WRS) includes the Water Processor Assembly (WPA) and the Urine Processor Assembly (UPA). The WRS produces potable water from a combination of crew urine (first processed through the UPA), crew latent, and Sabatier product water. The WRS has been operational on ISS since November 2008, producing over 21,000 L of potable water during that time. Though the WRS has performed well during this time, several modifications have been identified to improve the overall system performance. These modifications can reduce resupply and improve overall system reliability, which is beneficial for the ongoing ISS mission as well as for future NASA manned missions. The following paper lists these modifications, how they improve WRS performance, and a status on the ongoing development effort.