Browsing by Author "Witt, Johannes"
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Item ANITA2 -- the advanced multicomponent air analyser for ISS -- Pre-flight calibration and testing of gas measurement performance(51st International Conference on Environmental Systems, 7/10/2022) Honne, Atle; Kaspersen, Kristin; Bakke, Kari; Liverud, Anders Erik; Thielemann, Jens; Elves�ter, Brian; Gisi, Michael; Pfeiffer, Lukas; Stettner, Armin; Seurig, Roland; Witt, Johannes; Rebeyre, Pierre; Hovland, Scott; Stuffler, TimoThe ANITA2 (Analysing Interferometer for Ambient Air) instrument is a trace gas analyser designed to operate onboard the ISS to monitor the cabin atmosphere. ANITA2 can detect more than 30 of the most important trace gases in parallel. The advantages of an ANITA-type instrument include high sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and time resolution of the measurement data, as well as no consumption except electrical power and no production of waste. This also makes ANITA a steppingstone into the future, as a precursor system for crewed stations, bases, and exploration missions, including the Lunar Gateway and to/on the Moon and Mars. After a successful operation of ANITA1 for 11 months on-board the ISS in 2007 and 2008, the ANITA2 instrument was built in a contract between ESA, OHB and SINTEF and launched to the ISS in December 2021. ANITA2 operation started in March 2022 -- after the deadline for this paper. This paper covers the pre-flight gas analysis. It gives a brief overview of the method of calibration, and of the final gas scenarios for the calibration and the associated gas estimation models. The calibration for 37 gases is described, and the test results from the final testing on 30 multi-gas mixtures are presented. The key results are the detection limits for the 35 trace gases in the calibration.Item ANITA2 Flight Model Development - A Status Report of the Multicomponent ISS Air Analyser(47th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2017-07-16) Stuffler, Timo; Hofmann, Peter; Stettner, Armin; Seurig, Roland; Gisi, Michael; Honne, Atle; Kaspersen, Kristin; Bakke, Kari; Thielemann, Jens; Liverud, Anders; Witt, Johannes; Hovland, Scott; Laurini, Daniele; Rebeyre, PierreANITA2 (Analysing Interferometer for Ambient Air) follows the European precursor mission ANITA1, which in 2007 and 2008 successfully operated on the ISS for 11 months. ANITA1 delivered information on the air conditions analysing in parallel 32 of the most important trace gases in the cabin atmosphere. The data have shown the benefits of in-situ measurements in a manned space cabin atmosphere. The advantages of the ANITA type instruments include high sensitivity, accuracy, precision and time resolution of the measurement data. The spectrometer relies on optical analyses with a Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer. In 2016 OHB System and SINTEF were awarded the contract to develop the ANITA2 flight model by ESA, following some years of bread boarding of critical subsystems. The new system is characterised by a significant reduction in mass, volume and power consumption, as well as an improved characteristics in gas analysis sensitivity. The novel, sophisticated analysis S/W is further improved, employing statistical and non-linear calibration and analysis methods. As for ANITA1, the programme is planned to be a joint ESA/NASA project. It is also a stepping stone into the future, as a precursor system for manned exploration missions, e. g. to Mars and the Moon. The paper gives a progress report on the instrument development activities and will highlight status and achievements. The work described is performed under contract of the European Space Agency ESA.Item ANITA2 Flight Model Development – First ground test results of the Trace Gas Analyser for the ISS (and beyond)(48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2018-07-08) Stuffler, Timo; Stettner, Armin; Seurig, Roland; Gisi, Michael; Honne, Atle; Kaspersen, Kristin; Bakke, Kari; Thielemann, Jens; Liverud, Anders; Witt, Johannes; Hovland, Scott; Laurini, Daniele; Rebeyre, PierreANITA2 (Analysing Interferometer for Ambient Air) follows the European precursor mission ANITA1, which delivered information on the air conditions analysing in parallel 33 of the most important trace gases on-board ISS in the cabin atmosphere in 2007 and 2008. The data have shown the benefits of in-situ measurements in a manned space cabin atmosphere. The advantages of the ANITA type instruments include high sensitivity, accuracy, precision and time resolution of the measurement data. The gas analyser relies on optical analyses with a Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer. In 2016, OHB System and SINTEF were awarded by ESA the contract to develop the ANITA2 flight model. The new system is characterised by a major reduction in mass, volume and power consumption, as well as improved characteristics in gas analysis sensitivity. The novel, sophisticated analysis SW is further improved, employing statistical and non-linear calibration and analysis methods. As for ANITA1, the programme is planned to be a joint ESA/NASA project. It is also a stepping stone into the future, as a precursor system for manned exploration missions, e.g. to Mars and the Moon. The paper presents the newly developed and built optomechanical components of the new ANITA2 instrument. It also presents the fully operating optical BB, featuring flight-light build components, and includes the first measurement results. The work described is performed under contract of the European Space Agency ESA.Item ANITA2 Trace Gas Analyser for the ISS - Flight Model Finalisation, Ground Test Results, and ANITA-X for future exploration missions(50th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 7/12/2021) Gisi, Michael; Pfeiffer, Lukas; Stettner, Armin; Seurig, Roland; Wahle, Markus; Honne, Atle; Kaspersen, Kristin; Bakke, Kari; Thielemann, Jens; Liverud, Anders; Witt, Johannes; Rebeyre, Pierre; Hovland, Scott; Laurini, Daniele; Stuffler, TimoThe ANITA2 (Analysing Interferometer for Ambient Air) instrument is a trace gas analyser designed to operate on-board the ISS to monitor the cabin atmosphere. ANITA2 is capable of detecting more than 30 of the most important trace gases in parallel. The advantages of an ANITA type instruments include high sensitivity, accuracy, precision and time resolution of the measurement data, as well as no consumption except electrical power and no production of waste. This makes ANITA also a stepping-stone into the future, as a precursor system for crewed stations, bases, and exploration missions, including the (Deep-Space) Gateway and to/on the Moon and Mars. During the last year, the Flight Model of ANITA2 was successfully integrated and functionally tested. At the time of writing, ANITA2 will soon enter the phase of gas calibration measurements, followed by the building of a complete calibration and an extensive test campaign, applying multi-gas mixtures. This paper presents the state of the FM as well as results of the very successful test campaign, including optical performance, vibration, audible noise, and EMC tests. In addition, an overview of ANITA-X for future exploration missions is presented. As of the current planning, ANITA2 will be ready for flight late in the summer 2021.Item ANITA2 Trace Gas Analyser for the ISS - Flight Model Finalization and ground test results(49th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2019-07-07) Gisi, Michael; Stettner, Armin; Seurig, Roland; Pfeiffer, Lukas; Stuffler, Timo; Honne, Atle; Kaspersen, Kristin; Bakke, Kari; Thielemann, Jens; Liverud, Anders; Witt, Johannes; Rebeyre, Pierre; Laurini, Daniele; Hovland, ScottThe ANITA2 (Analysing Interferometer for Ambient Air) instrument is a trace gas analyser, designed to operate onboard the ISS and to monitor the cabin atmosphere. Within the last 2 years, significant progress has been made towards realizing the flight instrument, including the flight-like design, manufacturing, and functional testing of the opto-mechanical components, as well as further development of the gas analysis methods. ANITA2 will deliver information on the air conditions, analysing in parallel more than 30 of the most important trace gases in the cabin atmosphere. The advantages of the ANITA type instruments include high sensitivity, accuracy, precision and time resolution of the measurement data, as well as no consumption except electrical power and no production of waste. The novel, sophisticated analysis software is further improved, employing statistical and non-linear calibration and analysis methods. Thus, detailed, continuous, and quasi real time information on the cabin air quality becomes available. ANITA2 is also a stepping stone into the future, as a precursor system for crewed stations, bases, and exploration missions (Gateway, Moon, Mars...) where bringing local gas samples to earth for analysis is not feasible. Therefore the availability of local gas analysis capabilities for a wide range of substances is a key requirement. The paper gives an overview of ANITA2. This includes the overall system concept and design as well as details about sub-systems. The current Optical Breadboard is shown and described, which contains all opto-mechanical components of ANITA2 in a flight-like design. In addition, the main results of the very successful performance testing of the Optical Breadboard are presented. These tests showed a robust, high optical quality at various conditions. ANITA2 has successfully passed PDR in June 2018 and will be ready for flight and start-up on the ISS in 2020. The Flight Model manufacturing started beginning of 2019.Item AstrineTM-based Carbon-dioxide Adsorber for Life Support on the International Space Station(46th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2016-07-10) Sußmann, Jochen; Reuer, Lena; Matthias, Carsten; Witt, JohannesTo meet the needs of future extended human spaceflight operations, Airbus DS has been developing and continuously improving the technology of regenerative CO2-Adsorbers based on the utilization of AstrineTM, an adsorbent resin which features excellent CO2 adsorption capabilities, provides good regeneration ability and features a long lifetime and stability. In addition to its CO2 adsorption capability, AstrineTM also removes water soluble Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) from the feed air, thus supporting the trace contaminant removal function. The current Carbon-dioxide Concentration Subsystem (CCA) of the Advanced Closed Loop System (ACLS) is designed to remove CO2 from the cabin air on the ISS and provide it to the Sabatier reactor of the ACLS for further processing. Previously bound CO2 in the AstrineTM is desorbed again by means of hot steam regeneration. By operating three CO2-Adsorbers in an overlapping manner and making use of a steam insertion profile, the CO2 delivery flow can be controlled accurately enough to match with the constant flow of hydrogen from the Oxygen Generation Subsystem (OGA). A downstream Water Recovery Unit (WRU) condenses water out of the humid product gas and provides it again for hot steam generation. The current design efforts concentrate on the key aspects of the desorption process by significantly reducing weight, energy consumption and water consumption, thereby improving its overall efficiency while at the same time increasing the lifetime of the used AstrineTM. This paper provides a design description of the CCA, with additional emphasis on the integrated design approach in view of closed-loop operation of the ACLS. It also provides information about the built status of the hardware as well as key performance results of the current engineering model of the CCA in stand-alone and closed-loop testing. An outlook to further development activities in the near future will be given as well.Item Carbon Dioxide Reprocessing Subsystem for Loop Closure as part of the Regenerative Life Support System ACLS(46th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2016-07-10) Kappmaier, Fabian; Witt, Johannes; Matthias, CarstenIn view of future manned space exploration Life Support Systems are mandatory for human survival in space. Late in 2017, a new regenerative Life Support System, named Advanced Closed Loop System (ACLS), shall be installed on board the International Space Station as Technology Demonstrator for future space missions. The important unit to close the regenerative process is the Carbon Dioxide Reprocessing Subsystem (CRA) processing H2 and CO2 to Water Vapour and CH4 by the means of the Sabatier Reaction. The supply of H2 is provided by the ACLS Subsystems OGA (Oxygen Generation Subsystem) and CO2 by the CCA (Carbon Dioxide Concentration Subsystem). The core of the CRA is a two-staged Sabatier Reactor and a water recovery unit downstream the Reactors to separate the water. The special design of the Reactor Assembly has been developed and improved since years assuring a high conversion rate of H2. The Reactor Assembly comprises the Reactor containing a certain catalyst and the thermal insulation to reduce the heat loss to a minimum. The first stage of the Reactor operates adiabatic at very high temperature to ensure a high reaction rate. The second stage, operating at a lower temperature compared to the first stage, is air cooled to maintain isothermal conditions thus increasing the conversion rate. This paper describes on the one hand in detail the development and improvements of the Sabatier Reactor Assembly over the years and presents the current hardware built status. On the other hand it describes the Sabatier process with test results gained during the stand-alone Subsystem Testing and the closed-loop operation ACLS System Testing on Engineering Model Level.Item Design Status of the Advanced Closed Loop System ACLS for Accommodation on the ISS(44th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2014-07-13) Bockstahler, Klaus; Lucas, Joachim; Witt, JohannesThe Advanced Closed-Loop System ACLS is a regenerative life support system for closed habitats. With regenerative processes the ACLS covers the life support functions: (1) Removal of carbon dioxide from the spacecraft atmosphere via a regenerative adsorption/desorption process. (2) Supply of breathable oxygen via electrolysis of water, (3) Catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide with hydrogen to water and methane. ACLS will be accommodated in a double ISPR Rack which will contain all main and support functions like power and data handling and process water management. It is foreseen to be installed onboard the International Space Station (ISS) in the Columbus Module following lanch by HTV7 in 2017. Due to the regenerative processes applied in the ACLS it will allow a significant reduction of water upload to the ISS. Following successful Preliminary Design Review and the first Safety Review the ACLS Engineering Model is being manufactured and tested. The paper summarizes the development & hardware status and comprises an outlook on the upcoming design development of the ACLSItem Design Status of the Advanced Closed Loop System ACLS for Accommodation on the ISS(46th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2016-07-10) Bockstahler, Klaus; Hartwich, Ruediger; Matthias, Carsten; Laurini, Daniele; Witt, Johannes; Hovland, ScottThe Advanced Closed-Loop System ACLS is a regenerative life support system for closed habitats. With regenerative processes the ACLS covers the life support functions of CO2 removal, Oxygen generation and CO2 Reprocessing. ACLS will be accommodated in the Destiny module, which offers all interfaces needed for extended operations. The NASA System Maturation Team has recommended operating ACLS for a period of one year to evaluate the value of ACLS technologies for future exploration missions. The ACLS Engineering Model is in testing and the Flight Model is being manufactured and assembled. A Delta Phase-II Safety Review is held on the late allocation of ACLS to the Destiny module. The operations concept and associated ground segment infrastructure are being established. The paper summarizes the development and hardware status.Item Life Support and Environmental Monitoring International System Maturation Team Considerations(46th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2016-07-10) Anderson, Molly; Gatens, Robyn; Ikeda, Toshitami; Ito, Tsuyoshi; Witt, Johannes; Hovland, ScottHuman exploration of the solar system is an ambitious goal. Future missions to Mars or other planets will require the cooperation of many nations. Exploration concepts have been gathered by the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) at a high level, representing overall goals and strategies of each participating agency. The ISECG Global Exploration Roadmap states that international partnerships are part of what drives the mission scenarios. It states “Collaborations will be established at all levels (missions, capabilities, technologies), with various levels of interdependency among the partners.” To make missions with interdependency successful, technologists and system experts need to share information early, before there are concrete plans and binding agreements. This paper provides an overview of possible ways of integrating NASA, ESA, and JAXA work into a roadmap of life support and environmental monitoring capabilities for future exploration missions. Agencies may have immediate plans, long term goals, or new ideas that are not part of official policy. But relationships between plans and capabilities may influence the strategies for the best ways to achieve partner goals. Without commitments and an organized program, requirements for future missions are unclear. Experience from ISS shows that standards and an early understanding of requirements are an important part of international partnerships. Attempting to integrate systems that were not designed together can create many problems. Several areas have been identified as important to discuss and understand: units of measure, cabin CO2 levels, and fluids like high purity oxygen, potable water and residual biocide, and crew urine and urine pretreat. Each of the partners is exploring different kinds of technologies. Depending on the system concepts, it may be important to define specific parameters, or explore possible ranges. Early coordination can create new possibilities for collaboration, and provide input to determine what combinations create the best overall system.Item On-orbit Testing of the Advanced Closed Loop System ACLS(2020 International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2020-07-31) Witt, Johannes; Hovland, Scott; Laurini, Daniele; Matthias, Carsten; Boettcher, Frank; Bevilacqua, Tiziano; Redondo, Carlos"The Advanced Closed-Loop System ACLS is a regenerative life support system for closed habitats. With regenerative processes the ACLS covers the life support functions of CO2 removal, Oxygen generation and CO2 Reprocessing. The ACLS Flight Model (FM) was launched to the ISS with HTV7 in September 2018 and was installed in the Destiny Module. In-Orbit Commissioning has been finalised for CO2 removal, oxygen generation and parallel CO2/O2 operation demonstrating good performance even at low CO2 levels. Further commissioning is still in process and is expected to be finalised later in 2020. During commissioning tests several unexpected problems had to be overcome mainly related to interfaces. ACLS is operated via a Ground Segment (GS) infrastructure installed at Airbus in Friedrichshafen, Germany, where also the ACLS Engineering Model is maintained and operated as ground reference model. The paper reports on the in-orbit installation, commissioning and troubleshooting of ACLS."Item Small Water Recovery Unit Breadboard(48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2018-07-08) Kleinschmidt, Kim; Vogel, Jörg; Witt, Johannes; Dahlmann, Hans Henrik; Bender Tommerup, MajaThis paper describes the process of developing a small Water Recovery Unit (WRU) which utilizes a combination of Forward Osmosis (FO) and Membrane Distillation (MD) for processing urine and condensate. The WRU will be a fully operable system containing all necessary pumps, pipes and measurement components. The filtration is based on osmotic potential and temperature differences with no high pressure in the system. Therefore, the setup (e.g. pumps, tubing) can be made of lightweight materials. The FO, the first filtration stage is a low energy process that only requires circulation pumps. In contrast, more power is needed to generate the necessary temperature difference for the draw recovery step via MD. Danish Aerospace Company and Aquaporin have tested the patented Aquaporin Inside™ membrane in space on ISS in 2015 and 2016. Now, the aim is to use this technology to develop a filtration unit to recover potable water directly from wastewater consisting of urine and condensate. The system will be evaluated for its suitability for 90 day missions in the Cislunar environment beyond low earth orbit (LEO). A demonstrator unit designed for one crewmember is being developed and the available test results will be reported.Item Status of the Advanced Closed Loop System ACLS for Accommodation on the ISS(47th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2017-07-16) Bockstahler, Klaus; Hartwich, Ruediger; Matthias, Carsten; Laurini, Daniele; Hovland, Scott; Witt, JohannesThe Advanced Closed-Loop System ACLS is a regenerative life support system for closed habitats. With regenerative processes the ACLS covers the life support functions of CO2 removal, Oxygen generation and CO2 Reprocessing. ACLS will be accommodated in the Destiny module, which offers all interfaces needed for extended operations. The form-fit-function FM-like Engineering Model (EM) was completed and served for validation of applied processes and associated control software ahead of its application for flight model operations. The EM is being integrated into the Ground Segment infrastructure in support of flight ops including maintenance procedures' validation. The ACLS Flight Model (FM) was fully integrated and is in environmental testing to be completed in December 2016. Subsequent safety testing in early 2017 serves for hazard control verification in support of the phase III Safety Review planned for April 2017. The paper summarizes the development & hardware status in support of the launch of the ACLS FM with HTV7 that is today envisaged for early 2018. Besides, the paper addresses the potential enhancement of ACLS to an ACLS Mk-II configuration for application in exploration mission module architectures in LEO and beyond.